ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe petrochemical ʻē aʻe
ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe petrochemical ʻē aʻe
ʻO ka hydration kahi hopena e hui ai ka wai me kekahi mea ʻē aʻe e hana i hoʻokahi mole.ʻO nā molekala wai me kāna hydrogen a me ka hydroxyl a me nā molekala waiwai unsaturated paʻa hoʻohui e hana i nā pūhui hou, i kēia kaʻina hana i ka catalytic kuleana i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo hydration catalyst, ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano synthesis i ka hana kemika organik.ʻO ke kaʻina hana hydration kekahi o nā kaʻina hana synthesis, akā ma ke ʻano he hana koʻikoʻi, ua kaupalena ʻia i kekahi mau ʻano huahana, e like me ka ethanol a me nā diols.
Hiki ke hana ʻia ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai ma ka hoʻomehana ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a i ʻole ka hopena me kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe wai.ʻO ka hopena dehydration ke kaʻina hoʻihoʻi o ka hopena hydration, maʻamau ka hopena endothermic, maʻamau, ʻo ka wela kiʻekiʻe a me ke kaomi haʻahaʻa e kūpono i ka hopena.Eia kekahi, pono e hana ʻia ka hapa nui o ke kaʻina dehydration i mua o nā catalysts.ʻO ka catalyst i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kaʻina hydration - kūpono hoʻi ka catalyst no ka dehydration, hoʻohana maʻamau ʻo ia ka sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, aluminum oxide a pēlā aku.Loaʻa i nā catalysts nā huahana nui a me ke koho kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka Alkylation ka hoʻoili ʻana o kahi pūʻulu alkyl mai kekahi mole i kekahi.He hopena i hoʻokomo ʻia ai kahi pūʻulu alkyl (methyl, ethyl, etc.) i loko o kahi mole hui.ʻO nā mea hana alkylation i hoʻohana mau ʻia i ka ʻoihana he olefin, halane, alkyl sulfate ester, etc.
Ma ke kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻamau, hoʻohui ka ʻōnaehana alkylation i nā alkenes haʻahaʻa molekala kaumaha (ka nui o ka propylene a me ka butene) me ka isobutane me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka catalyst (sulfonic a i ʻole hydrofluoric acid) e hana i nā alkylates (ʻoi aku ka nui o nā octane kiʻekiʻe, nā alkanes ʻaoʻao).Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hopena Alkylation i thermal alkylation a me catalytic alkylation.Ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wela o ka thermal alkylation reaction, maʻalahi ka hana ʻana i ka pyrolysis a me nā ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, no laila ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano catalytic alkylation i ka ʻoihana.
No ka mea he waikawa ikaika ka sulfuric acid a me ka waika hydrofluoric, ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi o ka corrosion o nā mea hana.No laila, mai ka manaʻo o ka hana palekana a me ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni, ʻaʻole kūpono kēia mau catalysts.I kēia manawa, hoʻohana ʻia ka superacid paʻa e like me ka alkylation catalyst, akā ʻaʻole i hiki i ke kahua o ka noi ʻoihana a hiki i kēia manawa.
Ka hoohuli ana o kekahi isomer me kekahi.ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka pūhui me ka hoʻololi ʻole ʻana i kona haku mele a i ʻole ke kaumaha molekala.He hoʻololi i ke kūlana o kahi ʻātoma a i ʻole pūʻulu i loko o kahi mole mole.I ka manawa pinepine i mua o nā catalysts.
Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia kekahi ʻano hydrocarbon i ʻelua ʻano hydrocarbon like ʻole me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaʻina hana o ka disproportionation, no laila ʻo ka disproportionation kekahi o nā ala nui e hoʻoponopono ai i ka hāʻawi ʻana a me ke koi ʻana o ka hydrocarbon i ka ʻoihana.ʻO nā noi koʻikoʻi he toluene disproportionation e hoʻonui i ka hana xylene a hana i ka benzene maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe i ka manawa like, a me ka propylene disproportionation e hana i nā kaʻina triolefin o ka polymer-grade ethylene a me ka butene maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe.ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o toluene i benzene a me xylene e hoʻohana maʻamau i ka silicon alumina catalyst.I kēia manawa, ʻo ka noiʻi kaulana loa ʻo ia ka molecular sieve catalyst, e like me ka meridionite-type silk molecular sieve.
E kākau i kāu leka ma aneʻi a hoʻouna mai iā mākou
